Arabic Writing System And The Chinese Writing System - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Arabic Writing System And The Chinese Writing System. Answer: Introduction The emergence of writing system further known as script, characters or orthography is regarded as one of the most significant achievements to humankind. According to Perfetti and Harris (2013), the art of primitive tool making to the days of contemporary expertise, it has been believed that homo sapiens have travelled a long way in order to reinstate ancient stones and bricks to pen and paper and even advanced electronic gadgets in recent times. Eminent authors like Saiegh-Haddad and Henkin-Roitfarb (2014) mentioned that without the emergence of writing, the development of human civilization and knowledge would not have been achievable have mentioned it. This paper will intend to focus on two of the major writing systems of the world namely, the Arabic writing system and the Chinese writing system. In addition to this, the report will further shed light on the origin, characteristics of these two writing system by evaluating their respective phonetics, logograms, segments as well as signs in order to implicitly understand the two writing systems. Arabic Writing System According to Sahlolet al. (2014), the foundation of the Arabic writing system can be traced to the conceptualization of inscription and writing of the people belonging to the semi-nomadic Nabataean tribal community, who colonized the southern region of Syria and Jordan, along with other areas such as Northern Arabia as well as the Sinai Peninsula. It has been believed that the stone inscriptions existing in writings of Nabataean reveal immense likenesses to the contemporary form of Arabic writing method. As per Blucheet al. (2014), Arabic scripting system comprises mostly of consonants and vowel along with the certain level of modifications on the similar fundamental letter shapes utilized to create a representation of a varied number of resonance and sounds. The alphabetical range of Arabic system includes eighteen figures and shapes that express around twenty-eight phonetic sounds by the aid of diacritical symbols. Arabic is written from the right hand side continuing to the left. While the figures or numbers are written from left to right. However, Perfetti and Harris (2013) noted that until the beginning of twentieth century, the concept of punctuation marks was not implemented. Furthermore, short vowels, which are signified by a range of symbols and marks, positioned below or above the letters facilitate in the process of pronunciation as well as articulation of a word. They further stated that these set of symbols are only present in the Quran, the holy book of Islam, whereby there is immense significance of proper recitation and citations are essential for the beginners or novice readers. The alphabets of the Arab language according to Saiegh-Haddad and Henkin-Roitfarb (2014), further regarded as Arabiyyah is referred as scripts or writings used to inscribe a large numbers of languages in varied geographical regions. However, the Modern Standard Arabic Method of Writing is regarded as a standardized as well as literary form of the language that is used i n majority of the formal speech across the Arab region in order to facilitate effective communication. According to Rojo (2014), the Modern Standard Arabic is considered as an esteemed variety. Brierleyet al.(2016) formulate the concept of Diglossia that is a term used for two different variations of similar language is characteristically regarded as a division in purpose and utilization between MSA and the nationwide spoken range of Arabic language. However, being employed in formal as well as official contexts, MSA is not widely used by the Arabic speakers during a regular means of interpersonal communication. Chinese Writing System The Chinese writing system is regarded as the most complex form of language, which does not comprise an alphabet that is a set of figures and characters representing several units of sound and resonance. As per Henderson (2013),this type of writing system comprises an unrestricted set of symbols and fonts representing a word. Chinese writing system requires several set of characters, symbols and fonts in order to represent each of its distinctive morphemes. This writing system has been considered as the oldest form of writing system existing in the world. However, Wei (2014) noted that according to old Chinese legendary scripts, Cangjie a historian official was responsible for its invention under the regime of legendary emperor Huangdi during 2600BC. Andersonet al. (2013) conceptualized that written Chinese inscriptions are regarded as a script of ideograms, which can be characterized into six broad categories such as pictogram or figures, ideograph, logical collective, pictophonetic compounds as well as associate alteration. Williams (2016), noted that the scripted form of Chinese characters are regarded as hnz which are considered to be formerly images of humans, animals and several other things. However,these Chinese characters have transformed gradually into a more stylized form and do not have comprised any resemblance of the things, which they used to represent. Tianet al. (2015) mentioned in his writing that among the 56,000 Chinese fonts and symbols that are in existence, the major section of these characters would be incomprehensible and vague to the classic and typical Chinese reader. He further mentioned that a distinctive Chinese who reads would only require acquiring 3000 fonts and characters in order to learn Chinese language. There lies a dispute in learning the ways to read as well as inscribe thousands of characters comprising the Chinese language. As per Perfetti and Harris (2013), this has further led to the generalization of Chinese writing method initiated by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in 1956, which has been recognized in the process of colonization as well as translation industry called Chinese. Tranter (2013) took into account that in this process around 2000 fonts of Chinese writing system had been simplified to read as well as write. However, in recent times, Chinese is consideredas a standardized form of writing by the PRC barring Hong Kong and Singapore, whereby the conventional or traditional form of Chinese method is still regarded as the standard language system for regions such as Hong Kong, Taiwan along with Macau. Subsection Arabic Writing System (I) Phonetics- According to Sahlolet al. (2014), Arabic writing system comprises of almost 30 phonetically unique consonant segments along with six vowels. However, in terms of the range of consonants, the Arabic writing system can be positioned within the range of 20- 37 subdivisions whereas, other languages are likely to be varying towards 20-27 resonance. However, Perfetti and Harris (2013) noted if more than 20 Arabic geminates can be incorporated, the overall sections in Arabic writing system reaches a range of 53 that is considered to be more twice the means for the language system across the world. (II) Logograms- It has widely understood that Arabic script is not only implemented to write the language of Arab. Brierley et al.(2016) noted mentioned that several other languages namely, Urdu, Persian, Sindhi as well as Malay can be sited as instances that use Arabic scripts in their writing method. However, this language system does not reveal any logographic signs. (III) Syllabary- According to Rojo (2014), Arabic characters can be written in two varied alphabetic orthographies, a voweled intensely swallow and the other one that in unvoweled that has immense depth because of the deficientphonological detailed information when short vowels are absent or being omitted. (IV) Segments- As per Saiegh-Haddad (2014), Segmentation of Urdu script while scripting in Nastaliq writing technique is considered a comprehensive task because of the complexities of writing techniques in comparison to the Naskh writing technique.It must be noted that the Arabic writing recognition has gathered the awareness because of its challenging nature. (V) Signs and Symbols- Vowels and symbols belonging to the Arabic language, resemble dashes and symbols positioned below or above the Arabic letters to articulate the pronunciation of the language in a correct manner. Saiegh-Haddad provided an instance, the word Sharibathat is to drink or consume is similar to /shrb/ but have incorporated distinctive symbols to the readers and listeners to simplify the words. Chinese Writing System (I) Phonetics- The most popular Chinese phonetic systems are the Zhuyin alphabet and Hanyu Pinyin. As per Henderson (2013), it must be noted that Chinese employ these two phonetic methods primarily to learn the enunciation and pronunciation of the language and not in form of a writing system. Among these two Pinyin is regarded as the most commonly used phonetics in Mainland China. This phonetic system immensely aids the complex form of language easier to comprehend for meaning of the characters to foreigners and the ones unknown to the language. (II) Logograms- Anderson et al. (2013) mentioned that Chinese language can be sited as an exceptional example of logographic system whereby each of the Chinese symbols and characters signifies a single unit of meaning or morpheme along with a sole segment of speech. However, Chinese has eventually adapted a characteristic progress of logographic writing method. Initially images were used in order to comprehend thoughts and ideas, however recently, symbols and characters are used to demonstrate specific connotations and ideas. For example, a sword symbol can be used to express anger. (III) Syllabary- As per Tranter (2013), the systematic method of sound in Chinese language is manifested by the use of tones and resonance in order to specify the differences of connotations between words or syllables. Chinese words generally comprises of one syllable, however contemporary Chinese style employs compound language with higher numbers of suffixes. (IV) Segments- Tianet al. (2015) stated that Chinese character segmentation is referred as a key factor of recognition. The rate of accuracy of segmentation of Chinese fonts and characters plays a vital role for the performance of Chinese fonts recognition method. (V) Signs and Symbols- Wei 2014 acknowledged that signs and symbols are regarded as innovative technique of communication because of its magnificence as well as functionality. This form of language is taken through characters and symbols. In recent times, almost 4000 signs and symbols are used in the process of conveying messages through Chinese language. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that an individuals illiteracy incorporates the parallel growth of scripted forms of the language known as upper and lower. The fundamental symbolic concepts of each writing system describe the words of the similar spoken language. The above discussion has evaluated those essential symbolic concepts vary so implicitly that knowing a single writing system will not facilitate the ability of speaking the particular language. The report has focused on the Chinese and Arabic writing systems by evaluating the origin, characteristics, logograms, signs, symbols, Syllabary and segmentation of each of these writing systems. References Anderson, R.C., Ku, Y.M., Li, W., Chen, X., Wu, X. and Shu, H., 2013. Learning to see the patterns in Chinese characters.Scientific Studies of Reading,17(1), pp.41-56. Bluche, T., Louradour, J., Knibbe, M., Moysset, B., Benzeghiba, M.F. and Kermorvant, C., 2014, April. The a2ia arabic handwritten text recognition system at the open hart2013 evaluation. InDocument Analysis Systems (DAS), 2014 11th IAPR International Workshop on(pp. 161-165). IEEE. Brierley, C., Sawalha, M., Heselwood, B. and Atwell, E., 2016. A Verified Arabic-IPA mapping for Arabic transcription technology, informed by Quranic recitation, traditional Arabic linguistics, and modern phonetics.Journal of Semitic Studies,61(1), pp.157-186. Henderson, E.H., 2013. The interface of lexical competence and knowledge of written words. InDevelopment of orthographic knowledge and the foundations of literacy(pp. 15-44). Routledge. Perfetti, C.A. and Harris, L.N., 2013. Universal reading processes are modulated by language and writing system.Language Learning and Development,9(4), pp.296-316. Rojo, L.M., 2014. Taking over the square: The role of linguistic practices in contesting urban spaces.Journal of Language and Politics,13(4), pp.623-652. Sahlol, A.T., Suen, C.Y., Elbasyouni, M.R. and Sallam, A.A., 2014. A proposed ocr algorithm for the recognition of handwritten arabic characters.J. Pattern Recognit. Intell. Syst, pp.8-22. Saiegh-Haddad, E. and Henkin-Roitfarb, R., 2014. The structure of Arabic language and orthography. InHandbook of Arabic literacy(pp. 3-28). Springer, Dordrecht. Tian, J., Wang, R., Wang, G., Liu, J. and Xia, Y., 2015. A two-stage character segmentation method for Chinese license plate.Computers Electrical Engineering,46, pp.539-553. Tranter, N., 2013. Logography and layering: A functional cross-linguistic analysis.Written Language Literacy,16(1), pp.1-31. Wei, B., 2014. The origin and evolvement of Chinese characters.Gda?skieStudiaAzjiWschodniej,2014(Zeszyt 5), pp.33-44. Williams, C., 2016. The Chinese Language. InTeaching English Reading in the Chinese-Speaking World(pp. 19-38). Springer, Singapore.

Show The Development And How Globalization-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How To The Globalization Show Of Development? Answer: Introducation The main reason of this essay is to show the development and how globalization is effecting the organization of structure of work and forcing people to move for the betterment of their career. It is seen that maximum people especially laborers and workers are migrating due economical reason (Connell and Burgess 2009). The author focused on the migrant workers is in a way taking place of the local workers, which is again creating a problem in the Eastern and Western Europe. According to the author it has been seen that due to immigration workers and laborers had to go through danger and trials in the region, but still they go in order to get a high pay. The author also says that political debate is going on this particular topic, the supply of labor is being affected and it is also affecting the demand of labor, which is very true but through this article the basic understanding that I got is the increase of globalization is increasing the migration of workers and hence it is giving a mix culture and it is improving the quality of education and gives economic collaboration, the labor market is in a way helping as it is creating a bridge between all the labors. In this article there are various places where the author has brought up the problems people are facing due to this immigration. According to the author, there are two needs that contradict each other, industries need workers who can give a standard performance and also have to protect the rights of workers whereas they have to also put boundary or a limitation of the immigrant workers in order to give more work for the local workers. This reading provides brings up a lot of points like, the migrant workers come with an estimation of wage and also a hope for exposure, however I believe that the globalization of the world has made people more aware about the outer world and different countries and what work do they provide. Technology has brought globalization and through which all people are getting to know about the entire world and this has lead to more migration (Davidson 2014). Therefore it should be encouraged even more; the author in this article is basically showing both the positive and negative side of migration (Potrafke 2013). The globalization has brought the whole world together and made it seem l ike small place. (Stromquist and Monkman 2014) I believe it is mostly effective and will help the world progress in several ways. I think that it is a good way to build foreign relationship all over the world and it will also help in globalization. Even though the migrant workers suffer due to low pay and mainly because of the position and status they are being given, there are also migrant workers who are highly paid with high recognition, from the government. However according to my understanding, the way people used to work earlier is changing, the entire nature of work is changing, and people are becoming more conscious about their work and pay. Reference Connell, J. and Burgess, J., 2009. Migrant workers, migrant work, public policy and human resource management.International Journal of Manpower,30(5), pp.412-421. Davidson, C., Heyman, F., Matusz, S., Sjholm, F. and Zhu, S.C., 2014. Globalization and imperfect labor market sorting.Journal of International Economics,94(2), pp.177-194. Potrafke, N., 2013. Globalization and labor market institutions: International empirical evidence.Journal of Comparative Economics,41(3), pp.829-842. Stromquist, N.P. and Monkman, K. eds., 2014.Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. RL Education.

Puritanistic view on adultery in The Scarlet Letter an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Puritanistic view on adultery in The Scarlet Letter The psychological and moral issues of the book, written more than 150 years ago, are still relevant to contemporary society. By breaking the community's morals and standards, a woman had suffered for the rest of her life and reaped the fruits of sin in her own child. In "The Scarlet Letter" Nathaniel Hawthorne explores the realms of the sense of guilt as experienced by three principal characters - Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth - living in the seventeenth-century Puritan society. The thrust of Hawthorne's classic is that isolation and morbidity are the results not of man's living in sin but of his living in a Puritan society. Need essay sample on "Puritanistic view on adultery in "The Scarlet Letter"" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Usually Tell EssayLab specialists: Who wants to write essay for me? Essay writer professionals recommend: Academic Papers For Sale Buy Essay Online Writing Service Best Essay Writing Service Cheap Essays Within Hours Cheap Reliable Essay Writing Service The Puritans, who were believed to use the 'pure' Bible interpretations and were known for their intolerance to theater, music, and extravagant dress, however, excluded traditional practices of the church, when they migrated from England. In the new colony, the society, religion and government turned out to be in close cooperation. The past experience of punishment and religion-based laws, which were enforced, have created a certain aura in the Puritan society and affected all spheres of Boston life. Therefore, every citizen was involved in justice system, the Church and community at one time, and his reputation was a sole foundation for the Puritan society. So, adultery, committed by married woman, became publicly known, and, as an intolerable action, this act deserved the severest punishment. Goodwives the members of the Church and ladies with good reputation have been arguing about it, while waiting for Hester Prynne. For them she was nothing but malefactress, who caused scandal in Reverend Master Dimmesdale's congregation, who brought shame upon the whole society, and she deserved death or, at least, a brand on her forehead. (Hawthorne chapter 2). In this case, both the Scripture and the statute-book supported the resolution. It was the standpoint of the Puritan society. The Puritanistic view was that Hester must either die or wear the sign, which would represent her sin and remind her and the society all she had done. The shame on the scaffold and the scarlet letter was not considered as a fair punishment for such an unacceptable crime. They excluded any idea of forgiveness and mercy; for them, adultery was a grave and unpardonable sin, a heavy burden in this life and eternity the Puritans have already predetermined her destiny. Virtue, based on dedication, prayers and inner examination, had provided peace and organization in church and government; it was the Puritan culture they molded and strictly followed. The community, Hester Prynne had lived in, had shaped her character and insights. While Hester was standing on the scaffold, surrounded by the raged crowd, subconsciously she realized that the society was involved in the crime and her life now, as it would stay involved in the future. The Puritan concepts became a part of her, and Hester's existence would now be interrelated with the sin of adultery and the beliefs and perception of the society. However, Hawthorne stresses that "morally, as well as materially, there was a coarser fibre in those wives and maidens of old English birth and breeding than in their fair descendants" (Chap. 2). The church-members have stated judgment, turning the blind eye towards the Lord's words: "If any one of you is without sin, let him be the first to throw a stone at her" (NIV John 8:7). Hawthorne parallels God's mercy, grace and forgiveness in the very beginning, telling that "the condemned criminal, as he came forth to his doom", was given a chance to enjoy "the fragrance and fragile beauty" of the rose-bush in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him" (Chap. 1). But, the scarlet letter "A" upon Hester's bosom separated her from normal human relations and imprisoned her in a 'self' sphere. The strict and pitiless Puritans made a prison in Hester's heart and depicted pessimistic future for human suchlike. Nevertheless, Hester in her "moral agony" found comfort in "her pride, her daring" (Bloom 34). Her inner strength was enough to stay in the community that turned its back to her, instead of looking for another place to start a new life. After imprisonment, she made her mind to redeem the sin of adultery by good deeds, kindness, generosity, credit, and alienation. Hester Prynne has proven that she was worth of social trust and normal life. Her sin gave her "sympathetic knowledge of the hidden sin in other hearts" (Chap.5), she felt the problems of others and helped needy ones; Hester really cared about the people, disregarding their attitude and gratitude. Living in isolation, she made the best she could to drive away the Puritan idea that sin permanently misrepresents the human personality. On the other hand, Dimmesdale was not as good in this situation as Hester was. Since the very start his took a position of a liar and was hiding the burden till his death. For Puritan society Arthur Dimmesdale was a minister, a brilliant preacher and sinless man. Just like the Puritan society at a whole, he was intolerant to weaknesses of other people, but loyal to his own sins. While Hester, with his own child, was standing on the scaffold, he dared to ask her to speak out the father's name. By his own words, Dimmesdale doomed himself to tortures and the burden of guilt "better were [to stand there beside thee] than to hide a guilty heart through life" (Chap.5). The scarlet token "A" on his breast left no peace and order for his heart. Neither exhausting fasts, nor physical tortures could take away the burden of guilt. Once standing on the scaffold at a night time, he felt that the whole universe was starring at him and the fear of committed sin went through his life. The eloquent Reverent Dimmesdale was a "viler companion of the vilest, the worst of sinners" (Chap.11); thus, depicting the picture of the whole Puritan society, and "the burning wrath of the Almighty" (Ibid) was upon his soul. The Dimmesdale's hypocrisy is a symbol of Puritanism, though an adulterer was regarded as the most holy man. His sermons were addressed to sinners, yet he was one of them; Puritans fled from English intolerance, but failed to apply tolerant attitude to weak and needy. His authoritative and impressive preaching shows the power of the Puritan Church; but his weak character and poor health evoke pity and compassion, rather than respect. Just like the Puritan Boston, 'the light to the world' and the 'city on the hill', which, at the same time, mixes old traditions and ideals, Arthur was afraid of the scaffold and public disgrace. Only in darkness, representation of this heart's condition, his intentions came alive to make an outcry to hypocrisy. Once again, Arthur Dimmesdale showed that Puritans consider personal good reputation as a genesis of peace and order. His success in community was gained by "his intellectual gifts, his moral perceptions, his power of experiencing and communicating emotion" (Chap.11), but it did not give him rest for his burdened soul. Though, his sin of adultery was hidden from outer world, this black secret had been destroying his heart. Hester was imprisoned by community perception of her sin; on the other hand, Dimmesdale was imprisoned by his own perception of the sense of guilt. Night confessions did not ease the pain, for the sin was not revealed to people (Bryson 87). Yet, after an astounding sermon, he publicly confessed his sin and, released from the burden of sin, died. Elizabeth Poe, in her "Teacher's Guide to "The Scarlet Letter", have listed three main characters, contrasted and portrayed feelings that come up while reading: Hester Prynne her plight can arose sympathy. Arthur Dimmesdale his hypocrisy can provoke anger. Roger Chillingworth his evil revenge can elicit disgust. (Poe, p.2). The only negative character in "The Scarlet Letter" seems to be third one Roger Chillingworth or Prynne, as he used to be. As a real husband and the only supporter of the family, he, however, refused to take the responsibility and accept his wife's unfaithfulness. He chose the way of tortures for others and himself. As a man with a strong character, he came along with an idea of loosing the family, when he watched the scene of public disgrace and rage addressed to his ex. But, as a man of honor, he craved for revenge. As soon as he identified the 'fellow-sinner', Chillingworth planed future torments he deserved. A former scholar, Roger Prynne, became a famous doctor, Roger Chillingworth; however, the bodily disease of Arthur Dimmesdale was neither cured, not eased. He wanted to drag the confession out of his wife's lover, by sufferings and tortures, as a man without compassion, strong physically, as well as mentally. The turning point of his revenge was after Dimmesdale's public confession till that moment, Chillingworth was playing games on his mind. While Hester and Dimmesdale became stronger, while suffering tortures and misunderstanding, because of the good intentions they had; Chillingworth found himself in meaningless situation after Arthur's death. An educated scholar had sacrificed everything (his "intellect had now a sufficiently plain path before it") and dedicated his life to revenge (he "was really of another character than it had previously been" (Chap.11)). Besides, Hester and Arthur were a part of the Puritan society and church, while Chillingworth stayed aside from the community life. Roger had missed his chance to live a life of his own; therefore, he had no goal to live for. In Hester's and Dimmesdale's cases, their lives were sacrificed for the good of the society; but Chillingworth's isolation and anti-social revenge had sentenced him to death. Works Cited Barker, Kenneth. "The NIV Study Bible". Zondervan Publishing House. 1984. Bloom, Harold. "The Scarlet Letter". Blooms Notes. New York: Chelsea, 1996. Bryson, Norman. "Hawthorne's Illegible Letter." Critical Interpretations. Ed. Harold Bloom.New York: Chelsea, 1984. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "The Scarlet Letter". The Literature Network. June 28, 2007 Poe, Elizabeth. "A Teacher's Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter". Penguin Group. 2004 http://us.penguingroup.com/static/pdf/teachersguides/scarletletter.pdf>

Sample Essay Outlines - Learn How to Make Lesson Plans Using Sample Essay Outlines

Sample Essay Outlines - Learn How to Make Lesson Plans Using Sample Essay OutlinesThe world is a brave new world with the invention of computers and internet and computers are making things easier than they ever were. If you are an English teacher, especially in this current economy, you may find yourself struggling to write and read and grade essays.Teachers today often find that the class work gets more complicated with each passing day. Students have more class assignments, paper projects, homework and tests to complete. Parents may be there to help but often times it seems as if time slips away too quickly when teachers are trying to help out with homework.To help your teachers and your students in the brave new world of the 21st century you can start using sample essay outlines for your writing assignments. Sample essay outlines are a great way to get your teaching experience on track. The idea is to look at the sample essay outlines and see how they can help you with your writi ng. You can incorporate the outline ideas and methods into your own writing and lesson plans.First of all, many teachers find it beneficial to have a whole classroom focused on a single topic or class project. While you will have a huge number of students, there is no better way to encourage them to work together and produce a final product. Not only will you be helping them, but you will also be able to give them some great opportunities to read and digest the materials being offered.A good example is to start an activity where students are given a specific task and have to complete them. Some of the tasks may include reading chapters from a book, answering questions, writing up and proofreading an essay or even re-writing a chapter.It can sometimes be difficult to find a specific assignment that is being given to students for a special topic. For instance, let's say you're teaching a class on astrology. Since so many of the students will be learning about planets, it might be hard to find a topic that will fit all of them.However, try a different approach by using a sample outline that is focused on one subject. Look at a sample essay outline that has an astrological theme, such as you would use in astronomy class, with the planets being the focus of the lesson. The assignment would be to research planets and their relationship to the person you're teaching.This would not be hard to do considering the research papers and note books will give you a starting point for your lesson plans. In fact, when you get started you will find that you will be able to set up an entire lesson plan just based on a few topics for a short period of time.

Vitis Vinifera essays

Vitis Vinifera essays Vitis vinifera, better known as grapevine or wine grapes, is native to Asia Minor where wild grapes still grow. V. Vinifera is commonly cultured for fruit, eaten fresh or processed into wine, raisins, or juice. Over 8,000 cultivars are listed, most of them having been selected for a specific region and purpose. Cultures are mainly limited to the Northern Hemisphere. In United States this grape is grown in California and Arizona, and will not tolerate the cold winters and humid summers of eastern United States. Requirements are for long, warm to hot dry summers and mild winters. Plant damage occurs at -18C; frost kills young shoots. Daily mean temperature should be at least 18C. This species will not endure the high temperatures coupled with high humidity of tropics. Thus grapes are unsuitable to humid, steamy, hot tropics, as they need a cold period for resting and a dry sunshine climate for ripening fruit. However Vitis vinifera has been identified in some tropic conditions includ ing Sri Lanka, Trinidad Forms of V. Vinifera date as far back as 4000 B.C. where forms of the wild were already being selected and in cultivation in the Middle East. Ancient Egyptian records from 2500 B.C. mention the use of grapes for wine making. The Old Testament references to wine confirm this early origin and the significance of the wine industry in the Middle East. The familiarity of grape vines can be seen in both physical and metaphorical references to the 'vine'. The Greeks had an active wine trade and planted grapes in their colonies throughout the Mediterranean region. The Romans brought grape growing into the valleys of the Germany and France. The need for Wine in the Christian mass continued this wine-growing tradition after the fall of the Roman Empire, monastic orders preserving and developing many of the highly regarded wine-producing areas. ...

Passage to Modernity Dupre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Passage to Modernity Dupre - Essay Example At the early stages of modernity, artists still viewed themselves as creating in unison with nature; â€Å"mind and nature relate harmoniously to one another† (p. 49). Moreover, nature’s perception began to change. Galileo expressed the idea of natural form in mathematical terms, â€Å"loosening the union between physical essence and artistic ideal† (p.51). He found a systematic study of nature, rather than depending on direct observation. This notion of rational knowledge of the world become central to the transformation from medieval age to modernity. In the emergence of modernity, chemistry played an important role towards the scientific revolution. Alchemy is frequently forgotten when we talk about the breakthroughs of science that changed our perception of the world. Alchemists believed in the harmony between the individual and the cosmos. â€Å"at the basis of the alchemical enterprise is the concept of a microcosmos perfectly tuned to the macrocosmos of nature†. The notion that we are should interfere with natural processes in order to achieve harmony transforms the perception of nature. â€Å"rather than serving as nature’s assistant, the person now becomes its controller.† (p.54). There was a thorough rejection to the idea that the stars controlled man, that we were passively submitting to matter. Nevertheless, the interest in astrology was not completely eliminated; but as it happened with alchemy, they became less appealing at the face of new physical theories that rationally explained the universe.

Service Activity Summary Report ( for Human Service Class) Essay

Service Activity Summary Report ( for Human Service Class) - Essay Example They prefer to do some routine things by themselves. I guess this is an element of pride and soon started to get involved when my help was necessary, or when they asked for it. There is a senior citizen that shared the pain of losing his wife and facing the rest of his life alone. From his story, I gathered that he was very lonely and the center offered him the chance to meet people closer to his age as well as people to talk to. There are times when is suspected that living family members had abandoned their elderly when they became too much of a burden. The disturbing thing is that they do not admit this. They claim that at the present times, all people are too busy to carry unwanted baggage. I learned that senior citizens have an element of pride and deserve to be treated in a manner where they feel dignified because sometimes, their dignity is all that they have left. I also learned about the value of social services in the community. There are many things that I took for granted and this activity enlightened me. I also learned that eventually, everybody would grow old and hence lose their productive ability (Midlam, 2004). It is best to make use of all the energy that comes with youth because I will miss it when I become a senior citizen. Their stories clearly show that some are satisfied with their achievements. I hope I can tell similar stories when I am their age. In addition, I have also come to appreciate the benefits of having a retirement benefit. I am likely to be very compassionate about the affairs of the elderly. In addition, I will make an effort to visit and take care of my own grandparents because I have realized that it is really lonely when a person is no longer able to work. The world is becoming busier, and sometimes an occupation is the sole reason to live for the senior citizens (Midlam, 2004). I will also ensure that I volunteer at these